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<h1 class="main">Type Declarations</h1>
<h2 id="type-aliases">Type aliases <a href="type-declarations.html#type-aliases" class="header-anchor" aria-hidden="true">#</a></h2>
<p>To define a new type <code>NewType</code> as an alias for <code>ExistingType</code>,
do <code>type NewType = ExistingType</code>.<br/>
This is a special case of a <a href="type-declarations.html#sum-types">sum type</a> declaration.</p>
<p>Methods declared on a fixed-array alias keep that alias receiver, including methods whose names
match builtin array methods.</p>
<p>Enum aliases stored in struct fields support <code>.str()</code> and interpolation using the enum's value name.
Aliases also inherit custom <code>.str()</code> methods, including after unwrapping an optional alias value.</p>
<p>Numeric aliases use ordinary conversions for initialization:</p>
<div class="language-v">type Decimal = f64
amount := Decimal(0.0)
</div>
<h2 id="enums">Enums <a href="type-declarations.html#enums" class="header-anchor" aria-hidden="true">#</a></h2>
<p>C enum constants can initialize V enum members through <code>C.name</code>, including lowercase C names.
Flag enum initializers specify bit positions and must be known to the V compiler at compile time;
Integer casts of known V enum values can supply these positions; C enum constants cannot.</p>
<p>Methods on an ordinary enum keep their definitions even when another module declares a
flag enum with the same type name.</p>
<p>An enum is a group of constant integer values, each having its own name,
whose values start at 0 and increase by 1 for each name listed.
For example:</p>
<div class="language-v">enum Color as u8 {
red // the default start value is 0
green // the value is automatically incremented to 1
blue // the final value is now 2
}
mut color := Color.red
// V knows that `color` is a `Color`. No need to use `color = Color.green` here.
color = .green
println(color) // "green"
match color {
.red { println('the color was red') }
.green { println('the color was green') }
.blue { println('the color was blue') }
}
println(int(color)) // prints 1
</div>
<p>The enum type can be any integer type, but can be omitted, if it is <code>int</code>: <code>enum Color {</code>.
When a struct field expects an enum, its value can use the short <code>.field</code> form, including
inside parentheses in a collapsed struct call argument.</p>
<p>An unqualified enum name or alias in a struct field's default resolves in the struct's module.
An importing module's same-named enum does not change that default, including in fixed arrays.</p>
<p>Enum match must be exhaustive or have an <code>else</code> branch.
This ensures that if a new enum field is added, it's handled everywhere in the code.</p>
<p>Enum fields can re-use reserved keywords:</p>
<p>The <code>@</code> escape is also accepted in qualified and shorthand member references, including
comparisons, assignments, struct defaults, <code>match</code> branches, and constant integer expressions.
These references also work with the eval backend, with shorthand on either side of a comparison.
Enum initializers can refer to earlier keyword members, for example <code>next = int(Kind.@struct) + 1</code>.
Exact declarations take precedence: if both <code>none</code> and <code>@none</code> are declared, they retain distinct
values and match coverage.</p>